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I. __**Introduction**__ After Napolenes (French dictator) defeat and exile in 1815 by the allies (Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia), the Austrian Empire, Prussia, the United Kingdom, Russia, and France met in the congress of vienna(from September 1814-June 1815). There they discussed boundaries for some of the countries and territories in Europe. The point of this was to secure equal power between the big five to prevent future war between eachoth * at the time italy wasnt a country, it was made up of small states II. __**Winds of Revolution**__ Austria, prussia, Britain, and Russian joined alliance called the concert of Europe. The concert of Europe was a military alliance to carry order in Europe. they faught rebellion groupps including two in Spain and Italy. In 1848 Revolutions rose up to control there own lives and governments. They did this because they tasted freedom and wanted more they wanted an end to the monarchy and a republican governments.

III. **__Sould, Swords, and Brain__** In Italy in the 1830's, Giuseppe Mazzini cameup with the idea to push Austria out of Italy to Unify the italian peninsula and doing this he formed a secret societ called Young Italy.* Mazzini bieleved ina Democracy and Libral Government. Mazzini founed newspapers and wrote pamphlets that inspired the Italy revolution. Mazzini was the soul of italian nationalism. After the revolutions of 1848 Mazzini served in government but not for long. He fled Italy after the revolutionary government was overturned in 1849. Giuseppe Garibaldi was part of Young Italy and was the sword of nationalism. He feld Italy in the 1830's. but he returned to form a group of freedom fighers in 1848. they eventually won victories that unified southern Italy. Northern Italy the states sardinia and piedmount was ruled by a king. King Victor Emmanual II apointed Count Camillo Benso di Cavour as his premier in 1852. Cavour became the brain italian nationlism and architect of unification. In the next decade he was responisble for making alliance with France and unifying the states under the ruling of King Victore Emmanual II and driving Austria of of Italy. Rome, ruled by the pope was the only indendent stat until 1871. IV. **__A Kingdom, Not a Republic__** Italy was now unified. It was a Monarchy not a democratic republican. Mazzini tried to bring down the monarchy but failed and was sent to jail where he died. Mazzini's ideas never died. The revolution had forced King Carlos Albert to institute a limited constitutional form of government in his kingdom of Sardinia-Peidmont. King Victor Emmanual II contined constitutional monarchey in unified Italy.